[ 25 | 50 | 75 | 100 | 200 | 300 | 400 | 500 | 600 | 700 | 800 | 900 ]
1)Cocchiarella L, Andersson GBJ. ‘Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment – 5 th Edition.’ AMA Press USA ; 2004 4 th edition.
2) Cocchiarella L, Lord SJ. “Master the AMA Guides fifth”. AMA Press; USA: 2001
3) Los Angeles Times v. WCAB (Herbinger) 7 WCAB Rptr. 10,109; 70 CCC 504 (2005) “ The Court believes that Mr. Herbinger’s injury is long past the acute phase. Thus, the Court believes the ACOEM guidelines referenced by the defendant are inappropriate at this point.”
4) Hamilton v. S.C.I.F. (2004) 32 CWCR 249: a WCAB panel recently issued an Order Denying Reconsideration in which it found that the ACOEM guidelines did not apply to chronic injuries, i.e., those requiring treatment more than 90 days from the date of injury.
5) Taylor Vs. SCIF, Unpublished.
6) J B Staal, H Hlobil, M W van Tulder, G Waddell, A K Burton, B W Koes and W van Mechelen. ‘Occupational health guidelines for the management of low back pain: an international comparison’ Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2003;60:618-626 Table 3 Occupational guidelines: recommendations regarding assessment of LBP: under Patient Population / ACOEM: “Workers with <3 months activity intolerance due to LBP and/or back related leg symptoms related to occupational injury or exposure”
7) Haldeman S, Chapman-Smith D, Petersen DM. “ Guidelines for Chiropractic Quality Assurance and Practice Parameters’ (aka: The Mercy Guidelines). Jones and Bartlett – Sudbury, Massachusetts; 2005
8) Colorado Division of Workers’ Compensation “Medical Treatment Guidelines – Rule XVII, Exhibit A – Low Back Pain 5 th edition - 12-01-01; page 45 – Manipulation. “care beyond 3 months is indicated for certain chronic syndromes in which manipulation is helpful in improving function, decreasing pain and improving quality of life.” “extended durations of (chiropractic) care beyond what is considered maximum (3 months) may be necessary in cases of re-injury, interrupted continuity of care, exacerbation of symptoms, and in those patients with comorbidities.”
9) Colorado Division of Workers’ Compensation “Medical Treatment Guidelines – Rule XVII, Exhibit A – Low Back Pain 5 th edition - 12-01-01; page 44 – Manipulation. “Although the evidence for sub-acute and chronic low back pain and low back pain with radiculopathy is less convincing, it (manipulation) is a generally accepted and well established intervention for these conditions.”
14) Forman JP, Stampfer MJ, Curhan GC. "Non-Narcotic Analgesic Dose and Risk of Incident Hypertension in US Women." Hypertension. 2005 Aug 15; [Epub ahead of print] "Higher daily doses of acetaminophen and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs independently increase the risk of hypertension in women. Because acetaminophen and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are commonly used, they may contribute to the high prevalence of hypertension in the United States."
15) Rostom A, Goldkind L, Laine L. "Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and hepatic toxicity: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials in arthritis patients." Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005 May;3(5):489-98. “ CONCLUSIONS: Diclofenac (Voltaren) and rofecoxib (Vioxx) had higher rates of aminotransferase elevations than placebo and other NSAIDs studied. No NSAID studied had increased rates of liver-related serious adverse events, hospitalizations, or deaths. Only 1 liver-related hospitalization (among 37,671 patients) and 1 liver-related death (among 51,942 patients) occurred, with naproxen.”
16) Ramey DR, Watson DJ, et al. "The incidence of upper gastrointestinal adverse events in clinical trials of etoricoxib vs. non-selective NSAIDs: an updated combined analysis." Curr Med Res Opin. 2005 May;21(5):715-22. “ RESULTS: The incidence of PUBs (GI perforation, ulcers, and/or bleeding) over 44.3 months was significantly lower with etoricoxib vs. NSAIDs [cumulative incidence 1.24% vs. 2.48%, p < 0.001; rate/100 patient-years 1.00 vs. 2.47; relative risk 0.48, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.32, 0.73].”
19) Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C. 'Risk of myocardial infarction in patients taking cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors or conventional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: population based nested case-control analysis.' BMJ. 2005 Jun 11;330(7504):1366 . “ Our most important consistent finding was a significantly increased risk of myocardial infarction in patients taking three specific drugs—rofecoxib, diclofenac, and ibuprofen. This was despite adjustment for potential confounders, including comorbidity (such as pre-existing coronary heart disease) and current use of other drugs. Current use of these drugs was associated with a 24-55% increase in risk of myocardial infarction after adjustment for potential confounders.”
20) McCarthy D. “Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-related gastrointestinal toxicity: definitions and epidemiology.” Am J Med. 1998 Nov 2;105(5A):3S-9S.
21) Fortun PJ, Hawkey CJ. ‘Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and the small intestine.’ Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2005 Mar;21(2):169-75. “ The small intestine is a more common site for nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) toxicity than the well-recognized effects on the stomach and duodenum. Although NSAID strictures and perforation are rare, two thirds of regular NSAID users may be prone to small bowel enteropathy.”
22) Chang SY, Howden CW. ‘Is no NSAID a good NSAID? Approaches to NSAID-associated upper gastrointestinal disease.’ Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2004 Dec;6(6):447-53. “ Upper gastrointestinal disease induced by use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) remains a major problem that affects a broad segment of the population, given the frequent use of these drugs by prescription and over the counter.”
23) Lazzaroni M, Bianchi Porro G. ‘Gastrointestinal side-effects of traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and new formulations.’ Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004 Jul;20 Suppl 2:48-58. “ the widespread use of these drugs (NSAIDS) has resulted in a substantial overall number of affected persons who experience serious gastrointestinal complications. Dyspeptic symptoms are estimated to occur in 10-60% of NSAID users…”
24) Bjordal JM, et al. ‘Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, including cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors, in osteoarthritic knee pain: meta-analysis of randomized placebo controlled trials’ BMJ. 2004 December 4; 329(7478): 1317 “ NSAIDs cause serious gastrointestinal complications such as bleeding or perforation in one in 50-100 patient years, and this risk increases with age, concurrent use of other medications, and probably also duration of treatment.12 Substantial epidemiological and experimental data show that NSAIDs may increase blood pressure,59 and NSAID use has been linked to the development and acceleration of congestive heart failure.60 Elderly patients also have an increased risk for development of associated renal failure…”
25) Bombardier C. ‘An evidence-based evaluation of the gastrointestinal safety of coxibs.’ Am J Cardiol. 2002 Mar 21;89(6A):3D-9D. “Despite their good efficacy, NSAIDs are associated with significant gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity, which appears to be related to the inhibition of the cytoprotective function of COX-1.” “The VIGOR study(42) demonstrated that patients taking rofecoxib (Vioxx) had fewer stomach ulcers and bleeding than patients taking naproxen, however, the study also showed a greater number of heart attacks in patients taking rofecoxib.”
26) Rainsford KD. “Side effects of anti-inflammatory drugs IV.’ Lancaster, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1977
27) Scarpignato C, ed ‘NSAID-Induced Gastroduodenal Damage: Prevention and Treatment.’ Basel, Switzerland: S Karger AG (KARG), 1995
28) Seager JM, Hawkey CJ. ‘ABC Of the Upper Gastrointestinal Track: ingestion and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.’ BMJ 2001;323:1236-9.
29) Neal M. Davies and Fakhreddin Jamali1 ‘COX-2 selective inhibitors cardiac toxicity: getting to the heart of the matter.’ J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci; 7(3):332-336, 2004 “ On September 30, 2004 Merck and Co. instituted an immediate voluntary worldwide withdrawal of Vioxx (rofecoxib) a selective inhibitor of cyclooxygnease-2 (COX-2). Rofecoxib was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in May 1999, accounted for $2.5 billion in worldwide sales in 2003. It was indicated for osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, severe menstrual cramps and, in higher dose-strengths, for short-term relief of acute pain. It was recently approved for use in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. This is the first prescription drug since 2001 to be taken off the market for safety reasons. However, there is a long history of the removal of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) from the market for a variety of reasons. They include benoxaprofen, pirprofen, carprofen, bromfenac and a controlled-release formulation of indomethacin.”
30) Bombardier C, Laine L, Reicin A, et al. ‘Comparison of upper gastrointestinal toxicity of rofecoxib and naproxen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. VIGOR Study Group.’ N Engl J Med. 2000 Nov 23;343(21):1520-8, 2 p following 1528. “2.1 confirmed gastrointestinal events per 100 patient-years occurred with rofecoxib, as compared with 4.5 per 100 patient-years with naproxen (relative risk, 0.5; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.3 to 0.6; P<0.001). The respective rates of complicated confirmed events (perforation, obstruction, and severe upper gastrointestinal bleeding) were 0.6 per 100 patient-years and 1.4 per 100 patient-years (relative risk, 0.4; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.2 to 0.8; P=0.005).” “The incidence of myocardial infarction was lower among patients in the naproxen group than among those in the rofecoxib group (0.1 percent vs. 0.4 percent; relative risk, 0.2; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.1 to 0.7);”
31) Moore N. ‘Forty years of ibuprofen use.’ Int J Clin Pract Suppl. 2003 Apr;(135):28-31. “ Significant adverse events were more common with aspirin (10.1%) than ibuprofen (7.0%) (P<0.001) or paracetamol (7.8%). Significant gastrointestinal events were less frequent with ibuprofen (4.0%) than with aspirin (7.1%, P<0.001) or paracetamol (5.3%) (P=0.025). For every 100 patients treated, five more will experience significant adverse events if they are taking aspirin rather than ibuprofen, and four more than if they were taking paracetamol.”
32) Whelton A. ‘Nephrotoxicity of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: physiologic foundations and clinical implications.’ Am J Med 1999;106(5B): 13S-24S.
33) Tannenbaum H, Davis P, Russell AS, et al. ‘An evidence-based approach to prescribing NSAIDs in musculoskeletal disease: a Canadian consensus. Canadian NSAID Consensus Participants.’ CMAJ. 1996 Jul 1;155(1):77-88. “ Recommendations were based on randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials (level I evidence) and case-control studies (level II evidence) involving NSAID use when such evidence was available…. RECOMMENDATIONS: Currently, no NSAID is available that lacks potential for serious toxicity; therefore, long-term use of NSAIDs should be avoided whenever possible…. These recommendations are based on the consensus of Canadian experts in rheumatology, gastroenterology and epidemiology, and have been subjected to external peer review.”
34) Mukherjee et al. “Risk of Cardiovascular Events Associated With Selective COX-2 Inhibitors” JAMA.2001; 286: 954-959.
35) American College of Occupation and Environmental Medicine (ACOEM) – 2nd edition. “Occupational Medicine Practice Guidelines” 2004; OEM Press: Beverly Farms, Massachusetts: page 115
36) Engers AJ, Wensing M, van Tulder MW, et al. ‘Implementation of the Dutch Low Back Pain Guideline for General Practitioners: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial.’ Spine. 2005 Mar 15;30(6):559-600. “ The advice and explanation provided by the general practitioners, the prescription of paracetamol or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and prescription of pain medication on atime contingent or a pain contingent basis showed no statistically significant differences between the intervention and control groups (patients who received no treatment).”
37) ‘Occupational Medicine Practice Guidelines - second edition’ ACOEM 2004; OEM Press: Beverly Farms, Massachusetts: page 47 Chapter 3 “ Studies have shown that when NSAIDs are used for more than a few weeks, they can retard or impair bone, muscle, and connective tissue healing and perhaps cause hypertension. Therefore, they should be used only acutely."
38) American College of Occupation and Environmental Medicine (ACOEM) – 2nd edition. “Occupational Medicine Practice Guidelines” 2004; OEM Press: Beverly Farms, Massachusetts: Chapter 6, page 108, 3 rd paragraph "dysfunctional movements and patterns… may contribute to the chronicity of pain. If these movement patterns are normalized, symptoms may be reduced and function restored. Normalization may be achieved through a combination of physical methods (which includes manipulation, ACOEM page 48/49) and workstation or task redesign."
39) American College of Occupation and Environmental Medicine (ACOEM) – 2nd edition. “Occupational Medicine Practice Guidelines” 2004; OEM Press: Beverly Farms, Massachusetts: Chapter 6, page 114, 1 st paragraph. “Research suggests that multidisciplinary care is beneficial for most persons with chronic pain, and likely should be considered the treatment of choice for persons who are at risk for, or who have, chronic pain and disability.”
40) ‘Occupational Medicine Practice Guidelines - second edition’ ACOEM 2004; OEM Press: Beverly Farms, Massachusetts: page 491 Appendix “ The scientific literature that serves as the foundation for the development of clinical guidelines is of mixed quality.”
41) ‘Occupational Medicine Practice Guidelines - second edition’ ACOEM 2004; OEM Press: Beverly Farms, Massachusetts: page 505 Appendix “ the available evidence often is not of the highest quality and the acceptability of the evidence is not necessarily clear. Under such circumstances the use of lower quality investigations is necessary."
42) ‘Occupational Medicine Practice Guidelines - second edition’ ACOEM 2004; OEM Press: Beverly Farms, Massachusetts: page 47, Chapter 3. " The safest effect of medication for acute musculoskeletal and I problems appears to be acetaminophen."
45 ) Van Tulder MW, Koes BW, Bouter LM. ‘Conservative Treatment of Acute and Chronic Nonspecific Low Back Pain. A Systematic Review Of Randomized Controlled Trials Of The Most Common Interventions.’ Spine 1997 Sep 15;22(18):2128-56 “ strong evidence also was found for the effectiveness of manipulation, back schools, and exercise therapy for chronic low back pain…”
46) Anderson R, Meeker WC, Wirick BE, et al. ‘A meta-analysis of clinical trials of spinal manipulation.’ J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1992 Mar-Apr;15(3):181-94. “ CONCLUSIONS: Spinal manipulative therapy proved to be consistently more effective in the treatment of low back pain than were any of the array of comparison treatments (including sham treatament). The analysis provided some suggestion that manipulation, as such, is more effective than mobilization, as such.”
47) Spitzer WO, LeBlanc Fe, Dupuis M, eds. ‘Scientific approach to the assessment and management of activity related spinal disorders.’ Spine 1987; 7 (suppl):1-59 “ The Quebec Task Force regarded the randomized controlled trial to be the strongest scientific proof of the effectiveness of an intervention."
48) Van Tulder MW, BW Koes, LM Bouter. ‘Conservative Treatment of Acute and Chronic Nonspecific Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials of the Most Common Interventions.’ Spine 1997;22(18):2128-2156 " the randomized controlled trial is generally accepted as the Paradigm of intervention research…”
49) Giles LG, Muller R “Chronic spinal pain syndromes: a clinical pilot trial comparing acupuncture, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, and spinal manipulation.” J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1999 Jul-Aug;22(6):376-81 “ in patients with chronic spinal pain syndromes spinal manipulation, if not contraindicated, results in greater improvement than acupuncture and medicine.”
50) Muller R, Giles LG. ‘Long-term follow-up of a randomized clinical trial assessing the efficacy of medication, acupuncture, and spinal manipulation for chronic mechanical spinal pain syndromes.’ J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2005 Jan;28(1):3-11. “ CONCLUSIONS: In patients with chronic spinal pain syndromes, spinal manipulation, if not contraindicated, may be the only treatment modality of the assessed regimens that provides broad and significant long-term benefit.”
51) Hoving JL, Koes BW, de Vet HC, et al. ‘Manual Therapy, Physical Therapy, or Continued Care by a General Practitioner for Patients with Neck Pain. A Randomized, Controlled Trial.” Ann Intern Med. 2002;136(10):713-22 “ CONCLUSION: In daily practice, manual therapy is a favorable treatment option for patients with neck pain compared with physical therapy or continued care by a general practitioner (medication).”
52) ** Koes BW, Bouter LM, et al. ‘A blinded randomized clinical trial of manual therapy and physiotherapy for chronic back and neck complaints: physical outcome measures.’ J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1992 Jan;15(1):16-23. “ Manual therapy showed a faster and larger improvement in physical functioning compared to the other three therapies (physiotherapy, a general practitioner(medication), and placebo therapy).”
53) Koes BW, Bouter LM ‘Randomised clinical trial (with placebo) of manipulative therapy and physiotherapy for persistent back and neck complaints: results of one year follow up.’ BMJ. 1992 Mar 7;304(6827):601-5. “ CONCLUSIONS--Manipulative therapy and physiotherapy are better than general practitioner (medication) and placebo treatment. Furthermore, manipulative therapy is slightly better than physiotherapy after 12 months.”
54) Hoiriis KT, et al. ‘A Randomized (Placebo-Controlled) clinical trial comparing chiropractic adjustments to muscle relaxants for subacute low back pain.’ J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2004;27(6):388-98. “ Chiropractic was more beneficial than placebo in reducing pain and more beneficial than either placebo or muscle relaxants in reducing Global Impression of Severity Scale.”
55) Hemmila HM, et al. ‘Long-term effectiveness of bone-setting, light exercise therapy, and physiotherapy for prolonged back pain: a randomized controlled trial.’ J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2002 Feb;25(2):99-104. “ CONCLUSIONS: Traditional bone-setting seemed more effective than exercise or physiotherapy on back pain and disability, even 1 year after therapy.”
56) Giles LGF, Muller R. ‘A Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing Medication Acupuncture and Spinal Manipulation.’ Spine 2003;28(14):1490-1503 “ The results of this efficacy study said just that spinal manipulation, if not contraindicated, may be superior to needle acupuncture or medication for the successful treatment of patients with chronic spine pain syndrome…."
57) Niemisto L, Lahtinen-Suopanki T, Rissanen P, Lindgren KA, Sarna S, Hurri H. “A randomized trial of combined manipulation, stabilizing exercises, and physician consultation compared to physician consultation alone for chronic low back pain.” Spine 2003; 28(19):2185-91.
“Conclusion: The manipulative treatment with stabilizing exercises was more effective in reducing pain intensity and disability than the physician consultation (with educational booklet) alone. The present study showed that short, specific treatment programs with proper patient information may alter the course of chronic low back pain.”
58) Triano JJ, McGregor M, Hondras MA, Brennan PC. ‘Manipulative therapy versus education programs in chronic low back pain.’ Spine. 1995 Apr 15;20(8):948-55. Conclusion: “ there appears to be clinical value to treatment according to a defined plan using manipulation even in low back pain exceeding 7 weeks' duration. ” “Greater improvement was noted in pain and activity tolerance in the manipulation group. Immediate benefit from pain relief continued to accrue after manipulation,”
59) Niemisto L, et al. “A randomized trial of combined manipulation, stabilizing exercises, and physician consultation compared to physician consultation alone for chronic low back pain.” Spine. 2003 Oct 1;28(19):2185-91. “ The manipulative treatment with stabilizing exercises was more effective in reducing pain intensity and disability than the physician consultation alone (in a group of 204 chronic low back pain patients).” “ The present study showed that short, specific treatment programs with proper patient information may alter the course of chronic low back pain.”
60) Meade TW, et al. ‘Low back pain of mechanical origin: randomized comparison of chiropractic and hospital outpatient treatment.’ BMJ. 1990 Jun 2;300(6737):1431-7. “CONCLUSIONS: For patients with low back pain in whom manipulation is not contraindicated chiropractic almost certainly confers worthwhile, long term benefit in comparison with hospital outpatient management. The benefit is seen mainly in those with chronic or severe pain.”
61) Meade TW, et al. ‘Randomized Comparison of Chiropractic and Hospital Outpatient Management for Low Back Pain: results from extended follow-up.’ BMJ 1995; 311:349-51 “ At three years the results confirm the findings of an earlier report that when chiropractic or hospital therapists treat patients with low back pain as they would in day to day practice those treated by chiropractic derive more benefit and long term satisfaction than those treated by hospitals.”
62) Aure OF, Nilsen JH, Vasseljen O. ‘Manual therapy and exercise therapy in patients with chronic low back pain: a randomized, controlled trial with 1-year follow-up.” Spine 2003 28(6):525-31; discussion 531-2 Forty-nine patients were randomized into either an exercise group or a spinal manipulation group: “ CONCLUSIONS: …manual therapy (aka: manipulation or mobilization) showed significantly greater improvement than exercise therapy in patients with chronic low back pain. The effects were reflected on all outcome measures, both on short and long-term follow-up (1 year).” “Immediately after the 2-month treatment period, 67% in the manual therapy and 27% in the exercise therapy group had returned to work.”
63) Hawk C, Azad A, Phongphua C, Long CR. ‘Preliminary study of the effects of a placebo chiropractic treatment with sham adjustments.’ J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1999 Sep;22(7):436-43. “ RESULTS: Although VAS and GWBS scores improved with both treatments, a somewhat greater improvement occurred in most cases with the active treatment.”
64) Evans R, Bronfort G, Nelson B, Goldsmith CH “Two-year follow-up of a randomized clinical trial of spinal manipulation and two types of exercise for patients with chronic neck pain.” Spine. 2002 Nov 1;27(21):2383-9.
“ CONCLUSION: The results of this study demonstrate an advantage of spinal manipulation combined with low-tech rehabilitative exercise and MedX rehabilitative exercise versus spinal manipulation alone over two years and are similar in magnitude to those observed after one-year follow-up. These results suggest that treatments including supervised rehabilitative exercise should be considered for chronic neck pain sufferers.”
65) Dabbs V, Lauretti WJ. ‘A risk assessment of cervical manipulation vs. NSAIDs for the treatment of neck pain.’ J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1995 Oct;18(8):530-6. “ The best evidence indicates that cervical manipulation for neck pain is much safer than the use of NSAIDs, by as much as a factor of several hundred times. There is no evidence tha indicates NSAID use is any more effective than cervical manipulation for neck pain.”
66) Descarreaux M, et al. 'Efficacy of preventive spinal manipulation for chronic low-back pain and related disabilities: a preliminary study. 'J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2004; 27(8):509-14. “ CONCLUSIONS: Intensive spinal manipulation is effective for the treatment of chronic low back pain. This experiment suggests that maintenance spinal manipulations after intensive manipulative care may be beneficial to patients to maintain subjective postintensive treatment disability levels.”
67) Haas M, et al. ‘Dose-response for chiropractic care of chronic low back pain.’ Spine J. 2004; 4(5):574-83. “ CONCLUSIONS: There was a positive, clinically important effect of the number of chiropractic treatments for chronic low back pain on pain intensity and disability at 4 weeks. Relief was substantial for patients receiving care 3 to 4 times per week for 3 weeks.”
68) Buchmann J, et al. 'Manual treatment effects to the upper cervical apophysial joints before, during, and after endotracheal anesthesia: a placebo-controlled comparison.' Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2005; 84(4):251-7. “CONCLUSIONS: Both treatments (mobilization and manipulation) are superior to placebo.”
74)Page 125, Chapter 8 of the ‘Guidelines for Chiropractic Quality Assurance and Practice Parameters’ (aka: The Mercy Guidelines); Aspen publishers inc. 2005: Section VI, Subsection E.
75) Chapter 8: Page 125: Guidelines for Chiropractic Quality Assurance and Practice Parameters” (aka: The Mercy Guidelines): “…repeated use of passive care (chiropractic manipulation & PT) is generally acceptable in the management of cases undergoing prolonged recovery.”
76) Chapter 8: Page 120 – 121: Passive care - Guidelines for Chiropractic Quality Assurance and Practice Parameters” (aka: The Mercy Guidelines): “ Patients with chronic disorders may require more treatment/care to resolve symptomatic episodes than do other categories of complaint.”
77) Chapter 8: Page 125: Passive care - Guidelines for Chiropractic Quality Assurance and Practice Parameters (aka: The Mercy Guidelines): "Chronic Episode: Supportive care using passive therapy (spinal manipulation/modalities) may be necessary if repeated efforts to withdraw treatment/care result in significant deterioration of clinical status."
78) Hoving JL, Koes BW, de Vet HC, et al. “Manual therapy, physical therapy, or continued care by a general practitioner for patients with neck pain. A randomized, controlled trial.” Ann Intern Med. 2002;136(10):713-22
“ CONCLUSION: In daily practice, manual therapy is a favorable treatment option for patients with neck pain compared with physical therapy or continued care by a general practitioner.”
79) Goldby L, et al. "A randomized controlled trial investigating the efficacy of manual therapy, exercises to rehabilitate spinal stabilization and an education booklet in the conservative treatment of chronic low back pain.’ In: Proceedings of International Federation of manipulative Therapists. Perth, Australia: 2000
80) Bronfort G, et al. ‘Efficacy of spinal manipulation and mobilization for low back pain and neck pain: a systematic review and best evidence synthesis.’ Spine J. 2004 May-Jun;4(3):335-56 After studying the results of 43 randomized controlled trial of spinal manipulation the authors concluded that for chronic pain, “There is limited to moderate evidence that spinal manipulative therapy is better than physical therapy and home back exercise in both the short and long term.” “There is moderate evidence that spinal manipulative therapy has an effect similar to an efficacious prescription nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug…” “CONCLUSIONS: Our data synthesis suggests that recommendations can be made with some confidence regarding the use of SMT and/or MOB as a viable option for the treatment of both low back pain and NP.”
81) Gross AR, Hoving JL, et al. ‘A Cochrane review of manipulation and mobilization for mechanical neck disorders.’ Spine 2004; 29(14):1541-8. “ CONCLUSIONS: Mobilization and/or manipulation when used with exercise are beneficial for persistent mechanical neck disorders with or without headache.”
82) Gross AR, Kay TM, et al. ‘ Clinical practice guideline on the use of manipulation or mobilization in the treatment of adults with mechanical neck disorders.’ Man Ther. 2002 Nov;7(4):193-205. “ RECOMMENDATIONS: Stronger evidence suggests a multi-modal management strategy using mobilization or manipulation plus exercise is beneficial for relief of mechanical neck pain. Weaker evidence suggest less benefit to either manipulation/mobilization done alone than when used with exercise.”
83) Bondfort G, et al. “Efficacy of spinal manipulation and mobilization for low back pain and neck pain: a systematic review and best evidence synthesis.” Spine J. 2004;4(3):335-56. “Chronic LBP: There is moderate evidence that spinal manipulative therapy has an effect similar to an efficacious prescription nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug…” “CONCLUSIONS: Our data synthesis suggests that recommendations can be made with some confidence regarding the use of spinal manipulative therapy and/or mobilization as a viable option for the treatment of both low back pain and NP.”
85) American College of Occupation and Environmental Medicine – 2nd edition. “Occupational Medicine Practice Guidelines” 2004; OEM Press: Beverly Farms, Massachusetts - Chapter 12, p.287, second paragraph. “ Recommendations on assessing and treating adults with potentially work-related low back problems (i.e., activity limitations due to symptoms in the low back of less than three months duration) are presented in this clinical practice guideline.”
86) American College of Occupation and Environmental Medicine (ACOEM) – 2nd edition. “Occupational Medicine Practice Guidelines” 2004; OEM Press: Beverly Farms, Massachusetts: page 287 - Chapter 12 “ Algorithms for patient management are included (in this chapter). This chapter's master algorithm schematizes how primary care and occupational medicine practitioners generally can manage the cute or subacute low back pain complaints."
87) American College of Occupation and Environmental Medicine (ACOEM) – 2nd edition. “Occupational Medicine Practice Guidelines” 2004; OEM Press: Beverly Farms, Massachusetts: page 108 "Typically, the chronic pain patient can not be treated by the interventions that are appropriate for acute pain."
88) American College of Occupation and Environmental Medicine (ACOEM) – 2nd edition. “Occupational Medicine Practice Guidelines” 2004; OEM Press: Beverly Farms, Massachusetts: page 308; Table 12-8: Summary of Evidence and Recommendations – Physical Treatment Methods: "A prolonged course of manipulation (longer than 4 weeks) is Not Recommended"
89) ‘Occupational Medicine Practice Guidelines - second edition’ ACOEM 2004; OEM Press: Beverly Farms, Massachusetts: page 253 " This chapters master algorithm schematizes how primary care and occupational medicine practitioners may generally manage patients with acute and subacute forearm, wrist, and hand complaints." "The principal recommendations for accessing and treating patients with acute and subacute forearm, wrist, and hand complaints are as follows:"
90) Occupational Medicine Practice Guidelines - second edition’ ACOEM 2004; OEM Press: Beverly Farms, Massachusetts: Neck and Upper Back Complaints; page 165; “This chapter’s master algorithm schematizes the manner in which primary care and occupational medicine practitioners generally can manage patients with acute and subacute neck and upper back complaints.”
91) Occupational Medicine Practice Guidelines - second edition’ ACOEM 2004; OEM Press: Beverly Farms, Massachusetts: Elbow Complaints; page 227: “ This chapter presents recommendations on assessing and treating adults with elbow complaints that may be work-related…. This chapter’s master algorithm shows how physicians should generally manage patients with acute and subacute elbow complaints.”
92) Occupational Medicine Practice Guidelines - second edition’ ACOEM 2004; OEM Press: Beverly Farms, Massachusetts: Shoulder Complaints; page 195: “ This clinical practice guideline presents recommendations on assessing and treating adults with potentially work-related shoulder problems…. This chapter’s master algorithm schematizes the manner in which primary care and occupational medicine practitioners generally can manage patients with acute and subacute shoulder problems.”
93) Occupational Medicine Practice Guidelines - second edition’ ACOEM 2004; OEM Press: Beverly Farms, Massachusetts: Knee Complaints; page 329: “ Recommendations on assessing and treating adults with potentially work-related knee problems are presented in this clinical practice guideline…. This chapter is master algorithm schematizes primary care and occupational medicine practitioners generally can manage patients with acute and subacute knee complaints.”
94) Occupational Medicine Practice Guidelines - second edition’ ACOEM 2004; OEM Press: Beverly Farms, Massachusetts: Ankle and Foot Complaints; page 361 “ Recommendations for accessing and treating adults with potentially work related ankle and foot problems are presented in this clinical practice guideline…. This chapter’s master algorithm schematizes the recommended way primary care and occupational medicine practitioners should manage patients with acute or subacute ankle and foot complaints.”
95) Occupational Medicine Practice Guidelines - second edition’ ACOEM 2004; OEM Press: Beverly Farms, Massachusetts: Chapter 6; page 106. " Although mistreating or under treating pain is of concern, and even greater risk for the physician is over treating the chronic pain patient, especially with opioids and other medication."
99) California Code of Regulation (CCR) - Title 16 - Division 4 - Article 1 - Section 302(a)(2) states the following: "As part of a course of chiropractic treatment, a duly licensed chiropractor may use all necessary mechanical, hygienic, and sanitary measures incident to the care of the body, including, but not limited to, air, cold, diet, exercise, heat, light, massage, physical culture, rest, ultrasound, water, and physical therapy techniques…”
100) Spitzer WO, LeBlanc Fe, Dupuis M, eds. ‘Scientific approach to the assessment and management of activity related spinal disorders.’ Spine 1987; 7 (suppl):1-59 “ The Quebec Task Force regarded the randomized controlled trial to be the strongest scientific proof of the effectiveness of an intervention."
101) Van Tulder MW, BW Koes, LM Bouter. ‘Conservative Treatment of Acute and Chronic Nonspecific Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials of the Most Common Interventions.’ Spine 1997;22(18):2128-2156 " the randomized controlled trial is generally accepted as the Paradigm of intervention.”
110) Manchikanti L, Staats PS, Singh V, et al. "ASIPP GUIDELINES: Evidence-Based Practice Guidelines for Interventional Techniques in the Management of Chronic Spinal Pain Physician." 2003;6:3-81, ISSN 1533-3159
123) Glass LS, et al. “Occupational Medicine Practice Guidelines” (ACOEM) 2004 OEM Press Massachusetts; Chapter 8, Page 181,
124) Glass LS, et al. “Occupational Medicine Practice Guidelines” (ACOEM) 2004 OEM Press Massachusetts, Page 92, 2nd paragraph (functional restoration): “If … there is a delay in return to work or a prolonged period of inactivity, a program of functional restoration can be considered. Such a program could include components of aerobic conditioning as well as strength and flexibility assessments where necessary.”
125) Glass LS, et al. “Occupational Medicine Practice Guidelines” (ACOEM) 2004 OEM Press Massachusetts Chapter 6, Page 114, 3rd paragraph: “…functional restoration, reports return-to-work rates of more than 80% following treatment, with a high percentage of these persons still working after one year.”
126) Glass LS, et al. “Occupational Medicine Practice Guidelines” (ACOEM) 2004 OEM Press Massachusetts; Chapter 12, page 309, 3rd column: “Activities & Exercise”: Recommended Column: “Low-stress aerobic exercise, conditioning exercises for the trunk muscles after 2 weeks.”
127) Glass LS, et al. “Occupational Medicine Practice Guidelines” (ACOEM) 2004 OEM Press Massachusetts; Chapter 8: Page 122 – 123 Treatment/Care Protocols; Exercise Training - Guidelines for Chiropractic Quality Assurance and Practice Parameters” (aka: The Mercy Guidelines
130) Vu D, Murty M, McMorran M: Selective COX-2 inhibitors: suspected cardiovascular/cerebrovascular adverse reactions. Can Adverse React Newl, 2002; 12: 2–3
131) Mukherjee D, Nissen SE, Topol EJ: Risk of cardiovascular events associated with selective COX-2 inhibitors. JAMA, 2001; 286: 954–59
132) Ray WA, Stein CM, Daugherty JR et al: COX-2 selective non-steroidal anti-infl ammatory drugs and risk of serious coronary heart disease. Lancet, 2002; 360: 1071–73
133) Fitzgerald GA: Coxibs and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med, 2004; 351: 1709–11
134) Meyer CH, Gahler R: Central retinal vein occlusion in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis taking rofecoxib. Lancet, 2002; 360: 1100
135) Shaya FT, Blume SW, Blanchette CM et al: Selective cyclooxygenase- 2 inhibition and cardiovascular effects: an observational study of a Medicaid population. Arch Intern Med, 2005; 165: 181–86
136) Dai C, Stafford RS, Alexander GC: National trends in cyclooxygenase- 2 inhibitor use since market release: nonselective diffusion of a selectively cost-effective innovation. Arch Intern Med, 2005; 165: 171–77
137) Sowers JR, White WB, Pitt B et al: Celecoxib-Rofecoxib Efficacy and Safety in Comorbidities Evaluation Trial (CRESCENT) Investigators. The Effects of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory therapy on 24-hour blood pressure in patients with hypertension, osteoarthritis, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165: 161–68. Erratum in: Arch Intern Med, 2005; 165: 551
138) Solomon SD, McMurray JJ, Pfeffer MA et al: Adenoma Prevention with Celecoxib (APC) Study Investigators. Cardiovascular risk associated with celecoxib in a clinical trial for colorectal adenoma prevention. N Engl J Med, 2005; 352: 1071–80
139) Nussmeier NA, Whelton AA, Brown MT et al: Complications of the COX-2 inhibitors parecoxib and valdecoxib after cardiac surgery. N Engl J Med, 2005; 352: 1081–91
140) Bresalier RS, Sandler RS, Quan H et al: Adenomatous Polyp Prevention on Vioxx (APPROVe) Trial Investigators. Cardiovascular events associated with rofecoxib in a colorectal adenoma chemoprevention trial. N Engl J Med, 2005; 352: 1092–102
141) Marcus AJ, Broekman MJ, Pinsky DJ: COX inhibitors and thromboregulation. New Engl J Med, 2002; 347: 1025–26
144) Frost H, Lamb SE, et al. 'A fitness programme for patients with chronic low back pain: 2-year follow-up of a randomised controlled trial.' Pain 1998;75:273-9.
145) Deyo RA, Weinstein JN. 'Low Back Pain.' N Engl J Med 2001; 344(5):363-370
146) van Tulder MW, Koes BW, Bouter LM. ‘Conservative treatment of acute and chronic nonspecific low back pain: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials of the most common interventions.’ Spine 1997; 22:2128-56.
147) Malmivaara A, Häkkinen U, Aro T, et al. ‘The treatment of acute low back pain — bed rest, exercises, or ordinary activity?’ N Engl J Med 1995;332:351-5.
148) Lahad A, Malter AD, Berg AO, Deyo RA. ‘The effectiveness of four interventions for the prevention of low back pain.’ JAMA 1994;272:1286- 91.
149) Faas A, Chavannes AW, van Eijk JTM, Gubbels JW. ‘A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of exercise therapy in patients with acute low back pain.’ Spine 1993;18:1388-95.
150) Rainville J, et al. “the influence of intense exercise-based physical therapy program on back pain anticipated before and induced by physical activities.” Spine J 2004; 4(2):176-83 QUOTE: “exercise exerts a positive influence on chronic back pain and disability.”
151) Lee D. “Low back pain intervention: Conservative or Surgical?” J Surg Orthop Adv 2003;12(4):200-202 QUOTE: “conservative treatment must emphasize restoration and maintenance of functional movement.”
152) Rainville J, et al. “Exercise as a treatment for Chronic Low Back Pain.” Spine J 2004; 4(1): 106-115 QUOTE: “many have observed that exercise can lessen the behavioral, cognitive, affect and disability aspects of back pain syndromes.”
153) Liddle et al. “Exercise and chronic lower back pain: what works?” Pain 2004; 107(1-2):176-90 QUOTE: “Despite the variety offered, exercise has a positive effect on Chronic Lower Back Pain patients, and results are largely maintained at follow-up.”
154) Sung PS. “Multifidi muscle medium frequency before and after spinal stabilization exercise.” Ach Phys Med Rehabil 2003; 84(9):1313-8 Quote: “A 4-week spinal stabilization exercise program significantly improved functional status in patients presenting with LBD.”
155) O'Sullivan PB, et al. "Evaluation of specific stabilizing exercise in the treatment of chronic low back pain with radiologic diagnosis of spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis." Spine 1997; 22(24): 2959-67. "A "specific exercise" treatment approach appears more effective than other commonly prescribed conservative treatment programs..."
156) Hides JA, et al. "Multifidus muscle recovery is not automatic after resolution of acute, first-episode low back pain." Spine 1996; 21:2763-9 “Muscle recovery was more rapid and more complete in patients in group 2 who received exercise therapy...”this was a randomized controlled study.
157) Hides JA, et al. “Long term effects of specific stabilizing exercises for first episode low back pain." Spine 2001:26:E243-8 “patients from the specific exercise group experienced fewer recurrences of LBP than patients from the control group”....At both one year and three year follow-up.
158) Goldby L, et al. "A randomized controlled trial investigating the efficacy of manual therapy, exercises to rehabilitate spinal stabilization and an education booklet in the conservative treatment of chronic low back pain.’ In: Proceedings of International Federation of manipulative Therapists. Perth, Australia: 2000
159) Albright J. “Philadelphia Panel evidence-based clinical practice guidelines on selected rehabilitation interventions for low back pain.” Phys Ther. 2001 ;81:1641-1674
160) Bekkering G et al. “ KNGF-richtlijn Lage-rugpijn. Ned Tijdschr Fysiother, 2001 ;111( suppl):3
161) Spitzer W, et al. “Scientific approach to the assessment and management of activity-related spinal disorders: a monograph for clinicians: Report of the Quebec Task Force on Spinal Disorders.” Spine 1987; 12( suppl):1-59
170) Maher CG. ‘Effective physical treatment for chronic low back pain.’ Orthop Clin N Am 2004;35:57-64
171) Maher C. et al. ‘Prescription of activity for low back pain: what works?’ Aust J Physiother 1999;45:121-32
172) Philadelphia Panel. Philadelphia panel evidence-based clinical practice guidelines on selected rehabilitation interventions for low back pain.’ Phys Ther 2001; 81(10):1641-74
173) van Tulder M, et al. ‘Exercise therapy for low back pain: a systematic review within the framework of the Cochrane collaboration back review group.’ Spine 2000;25(21):2784-96
174) Bekkering G, et al. ‘Dutch physiotherapy guidelines for low back pain.’ Physiotherapy 2003;89(2):82-96
190) Carette S, Marcoux S, Truchon R, et al. A controlled trial of corticosteroid injections into facet joints for chronic low back pain. N Engl J Med 1991;325:1002-7.
200) Valat JP, Giraudeau B, et al. 'Epidural corticosteroid injections for sciatica: a randomised, double blind, controlled clinical trial.' Ann Rheum Dis. 2003 Jul;62(7):639-43. Conclusion: " The efficacy of isotonic saline administered epidurally for sciatica cannot be excluded, but epidural steroid injections provide no additional improvement."
201) Karppinen J, et al. 'Periradicular infiltration for sciatica: a randomized controlled trial.' Spine. 2001 May 1;26(9):1059-67. Conclusion: " Improvement during the follow-up period was found in both the methylprednisolone and saline groups. The combination of methylprednisolone and bupivacaine seems to have a short-term effect, but at 3 and 6 months, the steroid group seems to experience a "rebound" phenomenon."
215) Khot A, Bowditch M, Powell J, Sharp D.'The use of intradiscal steroid therapy for lumbar spinal discogenic pain: a randomized controlled trial.' Spine. 2004 Apr 14;29(8):833-6; discussion 837." CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that intradiscal steroid injections do not improve the clinical outcome in patients with discogenic back pain compared with placebo."
220) Leufven C, Nordwall A. 'Management of chronic disabling low back pain with 360 degrees fusion. Results from pain provocation test and concurrent posterior lumbar interbody fusion, posterolateral fusion, and pedicle screw instrumentation in patients with chronic disabling low back pain. 'Spine. 1999 Oct 1;24(19):2042-5. “ Of the 29 patients, the results were excellent in 9 patients (31%), good in 6 patients (21%), fair in 6 patients (21%), and poor in 8 patients (27%).”
230) Osti OL, et al. Volvo Award - "Anulus Tears & Intervertebral Disc Degeneration: an Animal Model" - Spine 1990; 15(8):762-766
231) Moore RJ, Osti OL, Vernon-Roberts B, “Osteoarthrosis of the Facet Joints Resulting From Anular Rim Lesions” – Spine 1999; 24(6):519-524
232) Moore RJ, et al. “Remodeling of Vertebral Bone after Outer Anular Injury in Sheep.” – Spine 1996;21(8):936-940
233) Key JA, Ford LT “Experimental intervertebral disc lesions” – J Bone Joint Surg 30A:621, 1948
234) Moore RJ et al “Changes in Endplate Vascularity After an Outer Anulus Tear in the Sheep” – Spine 1992; 17(8):874-877
235) Kim KS, Yoon ST, Li J, Park JS, Hutton WC. 'Disc degeneration in the rabbit: a biochemical and radiological comparison between four disc injury model s. Spine. 2005 Jan 1;30(1):33-7.
236) http://www.chirogeek.com/000_Rim_Lesions.htm#ff
300) LC 4604.5(e) “ For all injuries not covered by the American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine's Occupational Medicine Practice Guidelines or official utilization schedule after adoption pursuant to Section 5307.27, authorized treatment shall be in accordance with other evidence based medical treatment guidelines generally recognized by the national medical community and that are scientifically based.”
395) Postacchini F, et al. "Familial predisposition to discogenic low-back pain. An epidemiologic and immunogenetic study." Spine. 1988 Dec;13(12):1403-6.
396) Kellgren JH, et al. "Genetic factors in generalized osteoarthritis." Ann Rheum Dis , 1963 ;22:237 -55
397) Heikkila JK, et al. "Genetic and environmental factors in sciatica. Evidence from a nationwide panel of 9365 adult twin pairs." Ann Med 1989; 21:393-398
398) Matsui H, Kanamori M, et al. " Familial predisposition for lumbar degenerative disc disease. A case-control study." Spine 1998; 23:1029-1034
399) Varlotta GP, et al. "Familial predisposition for herniation of a lumbar disc in patients who are less than twenty-one years old." J Bone Joint Surg Am 1991; 73:124-128
400) Ordog GJ. 'Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation versus oral analgesic: a randomized double-blind controlled study in acute traumatic pain.' Am J Emerg Med. 1987; 5(1):6-10. “ TENS was approximately as effective as acetaminophen (300-600 mg) with codeine (30-60 mg) but had no side effects. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulators have been shown to be effective in the management of acute traumatic pain and may be indicated for patients who cannot be given medications.”
500) Professor Nikolai Bogduk, MD, Multiple Volvo Award Winner ‘Evidence-Based Clinical Guidelines For The Management Of Acute Low Back Pain’ The Australasian Faculty of Musculoskeletal Medicine November 1999; Chapter 9
501) Libson E, Bloom RA, Dinari G. Symptomatic and asymptomatic spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis in young adults. Int Orthop 1982;6:259-261.
502) Beck RW, Holt KR, et al. "Radiographic anomalies that may alter chiropractic intervention strategies found in a New Zealand population." J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2004 Nov-Dec;27(9):554-9. Conclusions: " Eight hundred forty-seven full-spine radiographs were included in the study. Anomalies were found in 68% of patients who had radiographs taken. The 5 most frequently occurring anomalies in descending order were degenerative joint disease (23.8%), posterior ponticle (13.6%), soft tissue abnormalities (13.5%), transitional segments (9.8%), and spondylolisthesis (7.8%). Other noteworthy occurrences because of their generalized status as absolute contraindications to adjustment are fracture (6.6%), malignant tumor (0.8%-3.1%), abdominal aortic aneurysm (0.8%) and atlantoaxial instability (0.6%)."
503) Moreton RD. "Spondylolysis." JAMA. 1966 Feb 21;195(8):671-4. " In 32,600 asymptomatic adults, the prevalence of a pars defect was found to be 7.2%."
507. Torgerson WR, Dotter WE. Comparative roentgenographic study of the asymptomatic and symptomatic lumbar spine. J Bone Joint Surg 1976;58A:850-853.
508) Magora A, Schwartz A. Relation between the low back pain syndrome and x-ray findings. Scand J Rehabil Med 1976; 8:115-126.
509) Fullenlove TM, Williams AJ. comparative roentgen findings in symptomatic and asymptomatic backs. Radiology 1957; 68:572-574.
510) Splithoff CA. Lumbosacral junction: Roentgenographic comparison of patients with and without backaches. JAMA 1953; 152:1610-1613.
511) Witt I, Vestergaard A, Rosenklint A. A comparative analysis of x-ray findings of the lumbar spine in patients with and without lumbar pain. Spine 1984; 9:298-300.
512) Jensen MC, et al. “MRI imaging of the lumbar spine in people without back pain.” N Engl J Med – 1994; 331:369-373
513) Boden SD et al. “Abnormal magnetic resonance scans of the lumbar spine in asymptomatic subjects: A prospective investigation.” J Bone Joint Surg Am 1990; 72A:403-408
514) Boden SD et al. “Abnormal magnetic-resonance scans of the cervical spine in asymptomatic subjects. A prospective investigation.” J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1990 Sep;72(8):1178-84
515) Lee SW, et al. “Investigation of Vertebral Endplate Sclerosis.” Skeletal Radiol 2001 Aug;30(8):454-9.
516) Weishaupt D, Boos N, et al. 'MR imaging of the lumbar spine: prevalence of intervertebral disk extrusion and sequestration, nerve root compression, end plate abnormalities, and osteoarthritis of the facet joints in asymptomatic volunteers.' Radiology 1998 209(3):661-6
517) Giuliano V, et al. 'The use of flexion and extension MR in the evaluation of cervical spine trauma: initial experience in 100 trauma patients compared with 100 normal subjects.' Emerg Radiol. 2002 Nov;9(5):249-53.
518) Harrison DD, et al. 'Modeling of the sagittal cervical spine as a method to discriminate hypolordosis: results of elliptical and circular modeling in 72 asymptomatic subjects, 52 acute neck pain subjects, and 70 chronic neck pain subjects.' Spine. 2004 Nov 15;29(22):2485-92.
600) Masui T, et al. 'Natural History of Patients with Lumbar Disc Herniation Observed by Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Minimum 7 Years.'J Spinal Disord Tech. 2005 Apr;18(2):121-126. "Clinical outcome did not depend on the size of herniation or the grade of degeneration of the intervertebral disc in the minimum 7-year follow-up."
601) Boos N, Rieder R, et al. '95 Volvo Award in clinical sciences. The diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging, work perception, and psychosocial factors in identifying symptomatic disc herniations.'Spine. 1995 Dec 15;20(24):2613-25
602) Elfering A, Boos N, et al. 'A 5-Year Prospective MRI Study in Asymptomatic Individuals'SPINE 2002;27(2):125-134.
729) Lord SM, Barnsley L, Bogduk N. Percutaneous radiofrequency neurotomy in the treatment of cervical zygapophyseal joint pain: a caution. Neurosurgery 1995; 35:732-739.
731) Van Kleef M, Barendse GAM, Kessels A et al. Randomized trial of radiofrequency lumbar facet denervation for chronic low back pain. Spine 1999; 24:1937-1942.
733) Van Kleef M, Liem L, Lousberg R et al. Radiofrequency lesions adjacent to the dorsal root ganglion for cervicobrachial pain. A prospective double blind randomized study. Neurosurgery 1996; 38:1127-1131.
747) Gallagher J, Vadi PLP, Wesley JR. Radiofrequency facet joint denervation in the treatment of low back pain - A prospective controlled double-blind study to assess efficacy. Pain Clinic 1994; 7:193-198.
759) Sanders M, Zuurmond WWA. Percutaneous intraarticular lumbar facet joint denervation in the treatment of low back pain: A comparison with percutaneous extra-articular lumbar facet denervation. Pain Clin 1999; 11:329-335.
771) Slappendel R, Crul BJ, Braak GJ et al. The efficacy of radiofrequency lesioning of the cervical spinal dorsal root ganglion in a double blinded randomized study: No difference between 40°C and 67°C treatments. Pain 1997; 73:159-163.
900) Fairbank JC, Pynsent PB, “The Oswestry Disability Index.” Spine 2000; 25(22):2940-2952
901) Fairbank JCT, Couper J, Davies JB. “The Oswestry low Back Pain Questionnaire.” Physiotherapy 1980; 66: 271-273.
902) Vernon H, Mior S. "The Neck Disability Index: a study of reliability and validity." J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1991 Sep;14(7):409-15
925) Weinstein SL, et al. "Health and function of patients with untreated idiopathic scoliosis: a 50-year natural history study."JAMA. 2003 Feb 5;289(5):559-67. “Sixty-six (61%) of 109 patients reported chronic back pain compared with 22 (35%) of 62 controls (P =.003).”
926) Limpaphayom N, Wilairatana V. "Randomized controlled trial between surgery and aspiration combined with methylprednisolone acetate injection plus wrist immobilization in the treatment of dorsal carpal ganglion." J Med Assoc Thai. 2004 Dec;87(12):1513-7. “The present study has clearly shown that surgical excision gave a better success rate in the treatment of dorsal carpal ganglion.”
927) Pretorius ES, Epstein RE, Dalinka ME. MR imaging of the wrist. Radiol Clin North Am 1997; 35:145-161.
928) el-Noueam KE, et al. "Is a subset of wrist ganglia the sequela of internal derangements of the wrist joint? MR imaging findings." Radiology. 1999 Aug;212(2):537-40.
929 ) Enzinger FM, Weis SW. Soft tissue tumors 2nd ed. St Louis, Mo: Mosby, 1988.
930) Butt WP, McIntyre JL. Double-contrast arthrography of the knee. Radiology 1969; 92:487-499.
931) Feldman F, Singson RD, Staron RB. Magnetic resonance imaging of para-articular and ectopic ganglia. Skeletal Radiol 1989; 18:353-358.[Medline]
932) Kransdorf MJ, Murphey MD. MR imaging of musculoskeletal tumors of the hand and wrist. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 1995; 3:327-344.
934) F D Burke, et al. "Primary care referral protocol for wrist ganglia." Postgraduate Medical Journal 2003;79:329-331
935) Angelides AC: Ganglions of the Hand and Wrist. In: Green DP, ed. Green's Operative Hand Surgery. 4th ed. 1999; Philadelphia, Pa: Churchill Livingstone; 1999:2171-2183.
936) Wang AA, Hutchinson DT. "Longitudinal observation of pediatric hand and wrist ganglia. J Hand Surg [Am] 2001 Jul;26(4):599-602.
950) Manchikanti L, Pampati V, Fellows B et al. The diagnostic validity and therapeutic value of medial branch blocks with or without adjuvants agents. Curr Rev Pain 2000; 4:337-344.
951) North RB, Han M, Zahurak M et al. Radiofrequency lumbar facet denervation: Analysis of prognostic factors. Pain 1994; 57:77-83
952) Manchikanti L, Pampati V, Bakhit CE et al. Effectiveness of lumbar facet joint nerve blocks in chronic low back pain: A randomized clinical trial. Pain Physician 2001; 4: 101-117.
960) Fukuta S, Masaki K, Korai F. "Prevalence of abnormal findings in magnetic resonance images of asymptomatic knees." Orthop Sci. 2002;7(3):287-91. Subchondral changes were observed in 13 of 115 (11%) asymptomatic subjects more than 40 years old.
961) Bhattacharyya T, Gale D, et al. "The clinical importance of meniscal tears demonstrated by magnetic resonance imaging in osteoarthritis of the knee." J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003 Jan;85-A(1):156-7. "RESULTS: A medial or lateral meniscal tear was a very common finding in the asymptomatic subjects (prevalence, 76%) but was more common in the patients with symptomatic osteoarthritis (91%) (p < 0.005)."
962) Beattie KA, Boulos P, Pui M, et al. "Abnormalities identified in the knees of asymptomatic volunteers using peripheral magnetic resonance imaging." Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2005 Mar;13(3):181-6. "Five individuals (11%) showed evidence of cartilage lesions, the femoral trochlea, medial femur and patella being those regions most commonly affected."
963) Du H, Chen SL, Bao CD, et al. "Prevalence and risk factors of knee osteoarthritis in Huang-Pu District, Shanghai, China." Rheumatol Int. 2004 Aug 10;
964) Lanyon P, O'Reilly S, et al. "Radiographic assessment of symptomatic knee osteoarthritis in the community: definitions and normal joint space." Ann Rheum Dis. 1998 Oct;57(10):595-601. "CONCLUSION: Among men and women in the community, osteophyte is the radiographic feature that associates best with knee pain."
970] Ralston BM, Williams JS, et al. "Osteochondritis Dessecans of the Knee." The Physician & Sportsmedicine 1996; 24(6):June
971) Federico DJ, Lynch JK, Jokl P: Osteochondritis dissecans of the knee: a historical review of etiology and treatment. Arthroscopy 1990;6(3):190-197 "Within the knee, OCD lesions occur at the medial femoral condyle (80% to 85% of cases), the lateral femoral condyle (10% to 15% of cases), and the patella (5% of cases).... The reported prevalence of OCD is 30 to 60 cases per 100,000 people."
972) Smillie IS: Osteochondritis Dissecans: Loose Bodies in Joints: Etiology, Pathology, Treatment. Edinburgh, Livingstone, 1960
973) Green WT, Banks HH: Osteochondritis dissecans in children. J Bone Joint Surg 1990;255:3-12
974) Stanitski CL: Osteochondritis dissecans of the knee, in: Stanitski CL (ed): Pediatric and Adolescent Sports Medicine. Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1994
975) Mubarak SJ, Carroll NC: Juvenile osteochondritis dissecans of the knee: etiology. Clin Orthop 1981;Jun(157):200-211
980) Nicholson GP, et al. "The acromion: morphologic condition and age-related changes. A study of 420 scapulas." J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 1996 Jan-Feb;5(1):1-11. "The variations seen in acromial morphologic condition are not acquired from age-related changes and spur formation and thus contribute to impingement disease independent of and in addition to age-related processes."
981) Schippinger G, et al. "Anatomy of the normal acromion investigated using MRI." Langenbecks Arch Chir. 1997;382(3):141-4. "These results imply that the hooked acromion is not present in the normal population and is, therefore, likely to be an acquired abnormality."
982) Wang JC, et al. "Changes in acromial morphology with age." J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 1997 Jan-Feb;6(1):55-9. "The incidence of the three acromial types varies with respect to the age of the patient and whether he or she has symptoms of mechanical impingement. This raises the possibility that type I acromions may progress to type II acromions and then further change into type III acromions over time."
983) Needell SD, et al. "MR imaging of the rotator cuff: peritendinous and bone abnormalities in an asymptomatic population." AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1996 Apr;166(4):863-7. "CONCLUSION. Our findings reveal a high prevalence of MR-evident bone and peritendinous shoulder abnormalities among asymptomatic individuals. The prevalence of subacromial spurs and humeral head cysts correlated closely with the severity of MR-evident rotator cuff abnormalities, as did changes in the bursa and peribursal fat. Acromioclavicular joint osteoarthrosis is seen in many shoulders independently of rotator cuff disease; therefore, its presence alone does not appear to be a reliable indicator of pain or tendon disease."
[ TOP ]